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7 de agosto de 2010

FINAL THOUGHT



This class help me to improve my English skills, I also could practice my pronuntiation and refresh all my knowledge.


A very important thing that I learn is about being a blogger, I knew a little bit about it, but here I learned a lot, not just rules that I have to follow in order to make a good blog, in order to be a very good blogger. I also learned some tips for working better with the blog tools.




A good thing that I want to emphasize is the oportunity of meeting participants of other postgraduate programs, share with them was a nice experiences, and help me to expand my circle of friends and know other students experiences.








IMAGE FROM:


http://bitelia.com/2008/09/caricatura-sobre-las-cinco-etapas-de-un-blogger

FINAL PROJECT - Y042P. ESTRATEGIAS DE LECTURA. PATRONES DE ORGANIZACION

STEVE JOBS BIOGRAPHY

Steven Paul Jobs (born February 24, 1955) is an American business magnate and inventor. He is well-known for being the co-founder and chief executive officer of Apple. Jobs also previously served as chief executive of Pixar Animation Studios; he became a member of the board of The Walt Disney Company in 2006, following the acquisition of Pixar by Disney.

In the late 1970s, Jobs, with Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak, Mike Markkula, and others, designed, developed, and marketed one of the first commercially successful lines of personal computers, the Apple II series. In the early 1980s, Jobs was among the first to see the commercial potential of the mouse-driven graphical user interface which led to the creation of the Macintosh. After losing a power struggle with the board of directors in 1985, Jobs resigned from Apple and founded NeXT, a computer platform development company specializing in the higher education and business markets. Apple's subsequent 1996 buyout of NeXT brought Jobs back to the company he co-founded, and he has served as its CEO since 1997.

In 1986, he acquired the computer graphics division of Lucasfilm Ltd which was spun off as Pixar Animation Studios. He remained CEO and majority shareholder until its acquisition by the Walt Disney company in 2006. Jobs is currently a member of Disney's Board of Directors.




PATRONES DE ORGANIZACION


•Scanning

When was Steve Jobs born?

In February 24, 1955



When has he become a member of Disney's board?

In 2006



What did he develop in the late 1970s?

He developed and design the first commercially successful lines of personal computers


What is he doing currently?

He belongs to the Board of Directors of Disney




•Marcadores de tiempo:
February 24, 1955
2006
late 1970s
early 1980s
1985
1996
1997
1986
2006

Marcadores de secuencia
previously
following
first
after
subsequent
back
since
until
currently


Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs
IMAGE FROM:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steve_Jobs_Headshot_2010-CROP.jpg

FINAL PROJECT - Y042P. ESTRATEGIAS DE LECTURA. PREDICCION. SKIMMING. SCANNING


C.- Estrategias de lectura:



Prediccion: (busca un articulo que tenga una imagen que te ayude a predecir)

Social Network Marketing – A Beginner’s Guide

Social Networking is changing the face of online marketing. If used correctly, social network marketing can:

•Improve your professional image
•Find new customers
•Learn more about your customer’s needs
•Provide better customer service
•Teach you more about your profession and how you can improve your service
So what are the social networking marketing basics?

Be Social!
Social network marketing is easier than you think. Don’t worry about which social network is the latest and greatest. Whichever networks you choose to engage with, be social.

How can marketing be social?
Internet users don’t want to be talked to. They want to be talked with. If you shove marketing language down their throats, they will shut you out of their world. Show your human side. Talk to people online like you would talk to them in your store. Give them professional advice in a friendly way. Talk about life on occasion. Be a real person. Internet users are more likely to do business with you if you have a personal connection with them.

Which networks should I join?
It depends. The general rule of thumb is choose 2-3 networks and focus on them. In general, Twitter, Facebook, and one other network related to your profession is a good way to go. It is better to be active in a few networks than inactive in many.

Sayenko Design actively uses Twitter, Facebook, and the Graphic Design Network.

I want to give Social Networking a chance, but I’m intimidated.
Don’t worry – the more you participate in social networks, the more comfortable you’ll become. Communities are generally very welcoming to new members and will be happy to have you there!

If you have any questions about social networking for business, feel free to send us a message. We are always excited to help businesses reach their potential through social networking!

C.- Estrategias de lectura:

Prediccion: (busca un articulo que tenga una imagen que te ayude a predecir)
The article is about social networks marketing, the title and the image located at the beginning helps to predict about the text.



Skimming:
•Palabras claves:


social, network, marketing, internet, twitter, facebook



Palabras que se repiten:


social, network, marketing, talk, real, human, with, to




Scanning:


The main idea of the text is about social networks marketing. It gives us some advices of the use of social networks as a marketing tool.



Marcadores de definicion:

can


Definition

Social Network Marketing is an strategy that allows to improve the professional image of a company or a person, it can also help to find new customers, learn more about the customer’s needs and provide better customer service .



Source:


http://www.sayenkodesign.com/social-network-marketing-a-beginners-guide/

FINAL PROJECT - Y042P. ACITIVITY B. Estructura de la oracion

B. Estructura de la oracion (3 ejemplos) (Selecciona uno o dos parrafos de u articulo relacionado a tu area de experticia)

Elements of a Viral Marketing Strategy
Accept this fact. Some viral marketing strategies work better than others, and few work as well as the simple Hotmail.com strategy. But below are the six basic elements you hope to include in your strategy. A viral marketing strategy need not contain ALL these elements, but the more elements it embraces, the more powerful the results are likely to be. An effective viral marketing strategy:

1. Gives away products or services
2. Provides for effortless transfer to others
3. Scales easily from small to very large
4. Exploits common motivations and behaviors
5. Utilizes existing communication networks
6. Takes advantage of others' resources
Let's examine at each of these elements briefly.


B. Estructura de la oracion:
SENTENCE 1.
Some viral marketing strategies work better than others, and few work as well as the simple Hotmail.com strategy

1.Frase nominal
Some viral marketing strategies
2.Nucleo de la frase nominal
strategies
3.Frase verbal
work better than others, and few work as well as the simple Hotmail.com strategy
4.Nucleo de la frase verbal
work

SENTENCE 2.
A viral marketing strategy need not contain ALL these elements, but the more elements it embraces, the more powerful the results are likely to be.

1.Frase nominal
A viral marketing strategy
2.Nucleo de la frase nominal
strategies
3.Frase verbal
need not contain ALL these elements, but the more elements it embraces, the more powerful the results are likely to be
4.Nucleo de la frase verbal
need

SENTENCE 3.
An effective viral marketing strategy: Gives away products or services.

1.Frase nominal
An effective viral marketing strategy
2.Nucleo de la frase nominal
strategy
3.Frase verbal
Gives away products or services
4.Nucleo de la frase verbal
gives


Source:
http://www.wilsonweb.com/wmt5/viral-principles-clean.htm

FINAL PROJECT - Y042P. ACTIVITY A. CATEGORIAS LEXICALES



A. Categorias lexicales y uso del diccionario.

A History of Visual Merchandising in Retail Stores
By Sarah Marie


The Development of Arcades
The second step in the evolution process occurred in Europe during the beginning of the 19th century with the development of arcades. Arcades, or passages, were covered streets that were constructed using iron and glass. Historically, they can be traced back to bazaars of the Arabian Peninsula and Asia Minor. The experimentation with new materials greatly improved the esthetic qualities of the shops that were housed within the arcades. The main features of the arcades were their glass skylights, which often stretched the entire length of the passageway. The skylights created a completely enclosed, visually stimulating shopping environment. Unfortunately, the skylights were extremely expensive and caused many technical difficulties. Also, the visually appealing shopping area that the arcades created outside, usually did not extend to inside of the shops. Therefore, the arcades became mainly associated with observers who were just out to walk around - not necessarily shop.



A. Categorias lexicales y uso del diccionario.

1. Identificacion de palabras que no se conocen su significado: Uso del diccionario.. agrega las abreviaciones ( al menos 5 palabras)





PASSAGEWAY
Main Entry: pas·sage·way
Pronunciation: \-ˌwā\
Function: noun

APPEALING
appealing (adjective)

ARCADES
Main Entry: Ar·ca·des am·bo
Pronunciation: \ˈär-kä-ˌdes-ˈäm-bō\
Function: foreign term
Etymology: Latin


2. Tiempo verbales (selecciona 1 ejemplo para cada tiempo verbal presente en el texto)

PAST SIMPLE: The second step in the evolution process ocurred in Europe during the beginning of the 19th century...

3. Idea principal del texto (en español)
The text is about the history of the visual merchandising, in this case the author writes about The Development of the Arcades, that is considered the second step
in the evolution process of this technique.

4. Categorias lexicales: (2 ejemplos por categoria)

•Palabras de contenido: step, arcades
•Palabras de Función:the, during
•Verbos: ocurred, improved
•Adverbio: historically, greatly
•Adjetivo:aesthetic, stimulating
•Artículo: the,
•Preposiciones: in, of
•Conjunción: and,
•Cognados verdaderos: evolution, process
•cognados Falsos:
•Sufijo:ocurrED, durING
•Prefijos:SKYlights, OUTside



Source:
http://hubpages.com/hub/A-History-of-Visual-Merchandising-in-Retail-Stores

LINK

I have chosen Social Marketing Institute site because provides good information about activities related to Social Marketing.


The Institute will learn, develop and facilitate the application of the very best social marketing practices in a wide range of settings all over the world.

IMAGE FROM:

5 de agosto de 2010

UNIT IV. ACTIVITY B. TIME MARKERS










A History of Visual Merchandising in Retail Stores
By Sarah Marie

In our current, consumer-oriented culture, people do not shop merely to obtain items they need, but also to satisfy their wants. Frequently, shopping does not even involve making a purchase. For consumers, window-shopping has become a popular pastime. Visual merchandisers create "miniature worlds" for merchandise in an effort to attract the attention of consumers, draw them into the store and keep them coming back in the future. Despite the advanced techniques seen in visual displays, visual merchandising is not a new concept or art. As early as the 18th century, merchandise was staged in interesting and unique arrangements to attract consumers.

The Early Stores

Prior to the late 18th century, when the contemporary methods of visual merchandising began to evolve, store owners and managers cared little for the appearance of their stores and the presentation of merchandise. Very little merchandise was displayed within the store. Rather, a customer would enter the store and speak with the retailer, who would then present merchandise that was kept in a back room. "Sales talk" and an ability to persuade were very important in convincing a customer of the quality of a product and making a sale. The evolution in store design brought about a new "process" of shopping. It was not longer a verbal engagement between retailers and customers, but now a "sensory experience". The first step in the evolution of store design occurred when small stores began to display their merchandise openly to the public, instead of keeping it stored in back rooms. Eventually, the deliberate displaying of goods became an important tool for retailers. What was once unattractive stores that were not meant to visually appeal to consumers, slowly became exciting shopping venues.

B. Seleccione otro texto relacionado con su área de experticia y extraiga las palabras claves, diga si son de instrucciones, o de secuencia u ordenamiento del tiempo. ·

Marcadores de Tiempo
current,
new,
early,
18th century,
prior,
late,
18th century,
when,
began,
new,
longer,
now,
first,
when,
began,
eventually,
became,
was,
slowly became.

Tipo de texto

Descriptive, time sequency

Idea general del párrafo

The text is about the history of a marketing technique called visual merchandising and how this technique has evolved. This part of the text just covers the first years of the technique`s evolution, in the 18th century.

Source and Images:
http://hubpages.com/hub/A-History-of-Visual-Merchandising-in-Retail-Stores



UNIT IV. ACTIVITY A. DEFINITIONS

The Six Simple Principles of Viral Marketing
by Dr. Ralph F. Wilson, E-Commerce Consultant

Web Marketing Today, February 1, 2005. Originally published 2/1/2000 I admit it. The term "viral marketing" is offensive. Call yourself a Viral Marketer and people will take two steps back. I would. "Do they have a vaccine for that yet?" you wonder. A sinister thing, the simple virus is fraught with doom, not quite dead yet not fully alive, it exists in that nether genre somewhere between disaster movies and horror flicks. But you have to admire the virus. He has a way of living in secrecy until he is so numerous that he wins by sheer weight of numbers. He piggybacks on other hosts and uses their resources to increase his tribe. And in the right environment, he grows exponentially. A virus doesn't even have to mate -- he just replicates, again and again with geometrically increasing power, doubling with each iteration:
1
11
1111
11111111
1111111111111111
11111111111111111111111111111111
11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111

In a few short generations, a virus population can explode. Viral Marketing Defined What does a virus have to do with marketing? Viral marketing describes any strategy that encourages individuals to pass on a marketing message to others, creating the potential for exponential growth in the message's exposure and influence. Like viruses, such strategies take advantage of rapid multiplication to explode the message to thousands, to millions. Off the Internet, viral marketing has been referred to as "word-of-mouth," "creating a buzz," "leveraging the media," "network marketing." But on the Internet, for better or worse, it's called "viral marketing." While others smarter than I have attempted to rename it, to somehow domesticate and tame it, I won't try. The term "viral marketing" has stuck.

Unidad 4. Patrones de Organización de un Párrafo

A. Seleccione un texto relacionado con su área de experticia.Lea el texto y extraiga las definiciones y los marcadores del discurso.

VIRAL MARKETING:

Viral marketing describes any strategy that encourages individuals to pass on a marketing message to others, creating the potential for exponential growth in the message's exposure and influence.

MARKERS:
describes,
has been referred to,
is called.

Source:
http://www.wilsonweb.com/wmt5/viral-principles.htm

IMAGE FROM:
(1) blaugh.com;
(2) http://blog.delucio.com/2008/07/11/marketing-viral-con-videos-en-internet/


3 de agosto de 2010

UNIT 3. ACTIVITY. PREDICTION, SCANNING, SKIMMING


Sidewalk Catwalk: Mannequins to Land in Manhattan

Get ready New York. Fashion is hitting the streets, quite literally (and visual too!). Launching in June, an outdoor public fashion parade dubbed "Sidewalk Catwalk" will debut along the Broadway Pedestrian Plaza between Times Square and Herald Square in the heart of Manhattan's Fashion District.
High-end mannequin manufacturer Ralph Pucci Intl. is taking part in the public art event, featuring 31 female Pucci sculptures, which are part of the Pucci MANIKIN series. "The Timeless Walking Women" are made in one piece, constructed as sculptures rather than traditional mannequins. Inspired by the work of Alberto Giacometti, the fiberglass sculptures are finished in a foundry slate, with industrial fittings as added reinforcement to be able to handle the outdoor elements. The women will share the landscape with British sculptor Antony Gormley's 31 life-sized male sculptures. But fear not, fashionistas. Those sculptures aren't going to be standing out in the street nekkid (Diva would never approve). No, they'll be wearing clothes designed by 31 high-profile designers, including Calvin Klein, Diane Von Furstenberg, Michael Kors, Anna Sui, Betsey Johnson, Kenneth Cole, Tommy Hilfiger, Norma Kamali, Isabel Toledo, John Bartlett, Catherine Malandrino and Carlos Falchi. And thanks to weather-resistant fabrics from Material ConneXion, those outfits will be durable and fashion-friendly the whole season through. They better be. The Sidewalk Catwalk runs from June 24 to Sept. 6, rain or shine!

http://retaildesigndiva.blogs.com/retail_design_diva/visual_merchandising/


Técnicas de lectura: prediccion, scanning y skimming
Seleccione un texto que tenga una imagen.
Observe la imagen y conteste las siguientes preguntas.

De acuerdo al título y la imagen, ¿cuál cree usted que es el tópico que está a punto de leer?
I think the topic is related to a fashion exhibition in the streets of New York City.

¿Cuál es la idea general del texto?
It describes some fashion activities that are being celebrated in the streets of New York where some of the most important fashion designers are taking part.

¿Que palabras se repiten?
the, sidewalk, catwalk, in, and, are, to, women, be, outfits

¿Que palabras se parecen al español?
mannequins, visual, June, public, debut, plaza, district, manufacturer, part, event, sculpture, series, pieces, constructed, traditional, inspired, industrial, elements, approve, designed, designers, including, durable.

¿Cuales son las palabras en negrita, el titulo, subtitulo o gráficos que te ayudan a entender el texto?
Sidewalk, catwalk, the picture which illustrates the article.

¿De qué trata el texto? Lee el primer párrafo y el último o la ultimas ideas del último párrafo.
The selected text is about an activity called Sidewalk Catwalk which will be holding in the streets of New York until September. It describes the mannequins that are being used, the material are those mannequins made of and also mentions the fashion designers are taking part of this activity. It also describes who inspired the mannequins confection and how were constructed, and mention as an important topic that the exhibition is made using materials resistant to the weather.

31 de julio de 2010


Lectura 2
Ejercicio 1. Lea el siguiente texto y extraiga las palabras claves, diga si son de instrucciones, o de secuencia u ordenamiento del tiempo.


a) Project planning is part of project management, which relates to the use of schedules such as Gantt charts to plan and subsequently report progress within the project environment.
Initially, the project scope is defined and the appropriate methods for completing the project are determined. Following this step, the durations for the various tasks necessary to complete the work are listed and grouped into a work breakdown structure. The logical dependencies between tasks are defined using an activity network diagram that enables identification of the critical path. Float or slack time in the schedule can be calculated using project management software. Then the necessary resources can be estimated and costs for each activity can be allocated to each resource, giving the total project cost. At this stage, the project plan may be optimized to achieve the appropriate balance between resource usage and project duration to comply with the project objectives. Once established and agreed, the plan becomes what is known as the baseline. Progress will be measured against the baseline throughout the life of the project. Analyzing progress compared to the baseline is known as earned value management.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_planning, consultado el 30/06/2008

Marcadores de Tiempo:
subsequently
initially
following
then
at this stage
once

Tipo de texto:
Descriptivo de secuencia

Idea general del párrafo:
It´s about project planning as a part of project management. It describes the steps and the components of the project planning.


IMAGE FROM: http://www.novamind.com/planning/project-planning.php

UNIT IV. Exercise 3


Peter Drucker


Peter Ferdinand Drucker (November 19, 1909 – November 11, 2005) was a writer, management consultant, and self-described “social ecologist.” His books and scholarly and popular articles explored how humans are organized across the business, government and the nonprofit sectors of society. His writings have predicted many of the major developments of the late twentieth century, including privatization and decentralization; the rise of Japan to economic world power; the decisive importance of marketing; and the emergence of the information society with its necessity of lifelong learning. In 1959, Drucker coined the term “knowledge worker" and later in his life considered knowledge work productivity to be the next frontier of management.

Markers
November 19, 1909 – November 11, 2005
late
1959
later
next

IMAGE FROM: http://mariogastaldi.com/lang/it-it/2008/07/20/what-did-drucker-mean-when-he-wrote/

Ejercicio 2. Lea los siguientes textos y extraiga las definiciones y los marcadores del discurso.

a) Epistemology is a branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge. Much of the debate in this field has focused on analyzing the nature of knowledge and how it relates to similar notions such as truth, belief, and justification. It also deals with the means of production of knowledge, as well as skepticism about different knowledge claims. In other words, epistemology primarily addresses the following questions: "What is knowledge?", "How is knowledge acquired?", and "What do people know?”

Epistemology:
Epistemology is a branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge.
Markers:
is concerned with
such as
has focused on
deals with
in other words

b) Interpersonal communication is defined by communication scholars in numerous ways, though most definitions involve participants who are interdependent on one another, have a shared history. Communication channels are the medium chosen to convey the message from sender to receiver. Communication channels can be categorized into two main categories: Direct and Indirect channels of communication.

Interpersonal communication
Is the kind of communication where participants are interdependent on one another.

Markers
is defined
involve

Communication channels
Communication channels are the medium chosen to convey the message and are categorized in two categories direct and indirect channels.
Markers
are
be categorized

c) Neuro-linguistic programming (usually shortened to NLP) is an interpersonal communication model and an alternative approach to psychotherapy that was co-created by Richard Bandler and linguist John Grinder in the 1970s. It was based on the subjective study of language, communication and personal change, in particular, mainly through modeling three successful psychotherapists, Fritz Perls (gestalt therapy), Virginia Satir (family systems therapy), and eventually Milton H. Erickson (clinical hypnosis). Bandler and Grinder aimed to discover and model the successful patterns of behavior and communication distinguishing these exceptional individuals from their peers. Some consider NLP to still be a set of techniques or strategies for enhancing communication and personal influence rather than a model or theory.

Neuro-linguistic programming
Neuro-linguistic programming (usually shortened to NLP) is an interpersonal communication model and an alternative approach to psychotherapy based on the subjective study of language, communication and personal change. It also define as a set of techniques or strategies for enhancing communication and personal influence rather than a model or theory.
Markers
is
was based on
be

UNIT IV. EXERCISE 1

Ejercicio 1
Lea las siguientes definiciones y extraiga los marcadores del discurso.
a) Traditional leadership theory is narrowly concerned with top-down leadership in
large organizations.

b) Ethics refers to learning what is right or wrong, and then doing the right thing.

c) Coaching is partnering with clients in a thought-provoking and creative process that inspires them to maximize their personal and professional potential.

d) The word leadership can refer to: 1. The ability "to get people to follow voluntarily." 2. Those entities that perform one or more acts of leading. 3. The ability to affect human behavior so as to accomplish a mission designated by the
leader. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership, consultado el 30/06/2008

e) Education encompasses teaching and learning specific skills, and also something less tangible but more profound: the imparting of knowledge, positive judgment and well-developed wisdom. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education, consultado el 30/06/2008

f) Ontology is known as the branch of philosophy focusing upon the origins, essence and meaning of being.

27 de julio de 2010

A MOVIE REVIEW: SHREK FOREVER AFTER








Directed by Mike Mitchell and having the same successful cast as the others movies now you can see another Shrek, another chance to see your favorite animated characters and another chance to be reminded of the genius that was the first film, without this being the first film. The problem with this entire series is that it started with a bang, fell to a whimper, and with it’s grand finale is simply enough to make up for how much it’s lost without really ever wow-ing us. Shrek Forever After is a good movie, they were creative in finding a way to make the characters fresh again, and there were definitely enough laughs in it to leave me satisfied, BUT it wasn’t without a few problems.

The Synopsis:

As Shrek settles into his perfect life, he begins to get bored and wishes he could have just one day to himself. He makes a pact with deal-maker Rumpelstiltskin to get back to feeling like a real ogre again, but of course he forgets to read the fine print and is damned to a twisted version of Far Far Away — where Rumpelstiltskin is king, ogres are hunted, and he and Fiona have never met — he sets out to restore his world and get a kiss from his true love in order to set everything right again — oh what a kiss can do in Far Far Away!

The Good things:

Bit of a Comeback: This is definitely no where near as good as the first film, but it’s definitely a revival from the third and on a slight improvement from the second.
Donkey: Whichever main characters you liked in the first film, you’ll like in this film, mainly because they went back to the beginning, came up with a way to make it fresh and then capitalized on what you loved. For me The Donkey is still the saving grace and the minor characters are really where the belly laughs come in.
Kids/Adult Film: This is definitely a good kids/adult film, meaning that there were definitely a lot of opportunities for both parties to enjoy the film. I would bring my little brother, despite the little girl next to me who pointed to the screen and said “I don’t like that movie.”
Music: The music and the throw backs to famous songs is so important for this film and as always the music was well placed and well used to really make those laughs hit home.
Solid Ending: It’s as predictable and cheesy as it comes, but a nice twist on the original story and if there was ever a moment to go a little over the top, this was it.
Fun Cameos: As always, it’s the smaller characters that pop up in each film that make this series so fun. There were a lot of good cameos but…

The Bad things:

Not Enough in the Cameos: There were lots of different characters and cameos, but they were never fully utilized. Craig Robinson has about 3 lines, 3 good lines, but that’s all. Same goes for John Hamm and Jane Lynch. They were solid and fun, but just not as potent as say the gingerbread man in the first film.
No Surprises: Overall, the film is very predictable. Which might have worked for the ending, but you need some suspense in the middle to keep you going. The thing that the first film had going for it was that it was an original idea, with brand new animation and a something different for us to be blown away by. This film tried to revive itself by creating a new world and did so in part, but it was very predictable and may have been an improvement for the Shrek series, but doesn’t really compare to some of the other animations out there today.
3D: For me, the 3-D in this film felt like a gimmick. It was fun and well added but not needed. It felt like they were trying to make a little extra money on their last minute!





23 de julio de 2010

ACTIVITY 2



Here we are again!

This is the second activity we should do for classes, to identify noun phrases and verb phrases.

FALSE FRIENDS OR COGNATES


Se denominan false friends (falsos amigos) o cognates (cognados) a las palabras que por escribirse de la misma forma (o parecida) en español son confundidas, pero que en realidad en inglés significan otra cosa.

Por ejemplo, "conductor " en inglés no significa conductor, sino que se refiere al director de la orquesta o al cobrador que se encuentra en los autobuses. Aquí se encuentra una lista de los false friends o cognados más conocidos.

an abstract: resumen (y no abstracto)
to achieve: lograr (y no archivar, que se dice to file)
actual: real, efectivo (y no actual, que se dice current)
actually: en realidad (y no actualmente, que se dice nowadays, at present)
to advertise: anunciar (y no advertir, que se dice to warn)
advice: consejos (y no aviso, que se dice warning, notice)
ailment: enfermedad leve, achaque (y no alimento, que se dice food)
apparel: ropa, vestimenta (y no aparato, que se dice apparatus, machine)
application form: formulario de solicitud (y no formulario de aplicación)
to apologise: pedir disculpas (y no apología, que se dice defence)
apt:
propenso (y no apto, que se dice qualified, able)
argument: discusión, pelea (y no argumento de un libro/una película, que se dice plot)
arena: estadio, plaza de toros (y no arena, que se dice sand)
arm: brazo (y no arma, que se dice gun)
army:
ejército (y no armada, que se dice navy)
aspersion:
calumnia (y no aspersión, que se dice sprinkling)
assessment:
evaluación (y no asesoría, que se dice consultancy)
assessor:
evaluador, tasador (y no asesor, que se dice advisor o consultant)
to assist
: ayudar (y no asistir a un lugar, que se dice to attend)
to attain: lograr, conseguir (y no atar, que se dice to tie)
attempt: intento (y no atentado, que se dice terrorist attack)
attendance: asistencia (y no atención, que se dice attention)
avocado
: aguacate (y no abogado, que se dice lawyer)
balloon: globo (y no balón, que se dice ball)
bank:
banco - la institución (y no banco de plaza, que se dice bench)
bark:
ladrar o ladrido (y no barco, que se dice boat o ship)
beef:
carne vacuna (y no bife, que se dice steak)
billet:
acuartelamiento, alojamiento militar (y no billete, que se dice ticket o note)
billion:
mil millones (y no billón, que se dice trillion)
body:
cuerpo (y no boda, que se dice wedding)
bomber:
avión bombardero o persona que coloca bombas (y no bombero, que se dice fireman o firefighter)
brave:
valiente (y no bravo, que se dice fierce)
camp
: base militar o campamento (y no campo en general, que se dice field)
can:
lata o el verbo poder (y no cana, que se dice white hair)
cap: gorra (y no capa, que se dice layer)
career: carrera profesional, ocupación luego del estudio (y no carrera referida al curso universitario, que se dice degree)
carpet:
alfombra (y no carpeta, que se dice folder)
cartoon: dibujos animados, tira cómica (y no cartón, que se dice cardboard)
casual: fortuito, ocasional, informal, superficial (y no casual, que se dice accidental, chance)
casualty: víctima o herido (y no casualidad, que se dice coincidence)
cave:
cueva (y no cavar, que se dice to dig)
cellular: celular, relativo a la célula (y no teléfono celular, que se dice mobile telephone)
chafed:
rozado (y no chafado, que se dice crushed o flattened)
collar:
cuello de las prendas de vestir (y no collar, que se dice necklace)
to collapse:
hundirse, derrumbarse (y no colapsar, que se dice to bring to a standstill)
college:
facultad, colegio universitario (y no colegio, que se dice school)
coloured:
de color (y no colorado, que se dice red)
command:
orden, mandato (y no comando, que se dice commando unit)
commodity:
mercancía o materia prima (y no comodidad, que se dice comfort)
to complain: quejarse (y no complacer, que se dice to please)
complexion: tez, tono de la piel (y no complexión, que se dice body type)
to compromise: ceder, transigir, poner en peligro (y no compromiso, que se dice commitment, engagement o agreement)
conductor: director de orquesta o cobrador (y no conductor, que se dice driver)
confident: seguro de sí mismo (y no confidente, que se dice confidant)
(to be) constipated:
sufrir de estreñimiento (y no estar constipado, que se dice to have a cold/chill)
contest: concurso (y no contestar, que se dice to answer)
to convene:
convocar, reunir (y no convenir, que se dice to agree, to be advisable)
council:
consejo (y no conciliar, que se dice to reconcile)
crane:
grúa (y no cráneo, que se dice skull)
curse:
maldición (y no curso, que se dice course)
date:
fecha (y no dato, que se dice a piece of information o data)
deception:
engaño (y no decepción, que se dice disappointment)
to deliver: entregar (y no deliberar, que se dice to deliberate)
deprivation: privación, pérdida (y no depravación, que se dice depravity)
derogatory: despectivo (la palabra despective no existe en inglés)
desperate: desesperado (y no despertar, que se dice to wake up)
dessert: postre (y no desierto, que se dice desert)
dinner: cena (y no dinero, que se dice money)
discrete: diferenciado (y no discreto, que se dice discreet)
disgust: asco, repugnancia (y no disgusto, que se dice annoyance, quarrel, trouble o to be upset)
disparate: dispar (y no disparate, que se dice nonsense o foolish act)
diversion: desviación (y no diversión, alegría, que se dice fun)
to doze: dormitar (y no doce, que se dice twelve)
dramatic: drástico, espectacular
economics: economía (y no económicos, que se dice cheap)
embarrassed: avergonzado/a (y no embarazada, que se dice pregnant)
estate: propiedad, bien inmueble, patrimonio (y no estado, que se dice state)
eventual: definitivo o posible (y no eventual, que se dice casual, incidental)
eventually: finalmente, tarde o temprano (y no eventualmente que se dice by chance, possibly)
exit: salida (y no éxito, que se dice success)
fabric:
tela (y no fábrica, que se dice factory)
familiar:
conocido, familiar (adjetivo) (y no pariente, familiar (sustantivo), que se dice relative)
fin:
aleta (y no fin, que se dice end)
form: formulario (y no forma, que se dice shape)
fray: riña, irritarse o deshilacharse (y no fraile, que se dice friar)
fume: vapor o gas (y no fumar, que se dice smoke)
gang: pandilla (y no ganga, que se dice bargain)
Geneva:
Ginebra (y no Génova, que se dice Genoa)
gentle: moderado, suave (y no gentil, que se dice gentile, kind)
to grab: agarrar, asir (y no grabar, que se dice to record)
gracious: cortés (y no gracioso, que se dice funny)
grocery: tienda de comestibles (y no grosería, que se dice rudeness o rude word/expression)
hardly: apenas, difícilmente (y no duramente, que se dice strongly)
by heart: de memoria (y no de corazón, que se dice from one's heart)
horn: cuerno (y no horno, que se dice oven)
idiom:
modismo, locución (y no idioma, que se dice language)
influenza:
gripe (y no influencia, que se dice influence)
ingenuity:
ingenio (y no ingenuidad, que se dice naivety)
inhabitant:
habitante (y no inhabitado, que se dice uninhabited)
injury: herida (y no injuria, que se dice insult)
installment: cuota, plazo o entrega (y no instalación, que se dice installation)
to intend: tener la intención de (y no intentar, que se dice to try)
intoxicated:
ebrio (y no intoxicado, que se dice with food poisoning)
involve: involucrar (y no envolver, que se dice wrap)
jam: mermelada (y no jamón, que se dice ham)
lame: cojo, rengo (y no lamer, que se dice to lick)
large: grande (y no largo, que se dice long)
lecture: conferencia (y no lectura, que se dice reading)
lentil: lenteja (y no lentilla, que se dice contact lens)
letter: letra del abecedario o carta (y no letra de una canción, que se dice lyrics)
library: biblioteca (y no librería, que se dice bookshop)
lobe: lóbulo (y no lobo, que se dice wolf)
luxury: lujo (y no lujuria, que se dice lust)
macaroon: galleta con almendras o coco (y no macarrón, que se dice a piece of macaroni)
man: hombre (y no mano, que se dice hand)
mascot: persona, animal u objeto que da buena suerte (y no mascota como animal doméstico, que se dice pet)
mayor:
alcalde (y no mayor, que se dice bigger)
media:
medios (y no media, que se dice sock)
misery: tristeza (y no miseria, que se dice poverty)
mocha: café moca (y no mocha/o, desafilada/o, que se dice blunt)
to molest: abusar sexualmente (y no molestar, que se dice to bother o to annoy)
notice: nota, anuncio (y no noticia, que se dice a piece of news)
occurrence: aparición (y no ocurrencia, que se dice absurd idea)
office:
oficina (y no oficio, que se dice trade o job)
once:
una vez (y no once, que se dice eleven)
oration: discurso ceremonial (y no oración, que se dice sentence o prayer)
ordinary: común (y no ordinario, que se dice vulgar)
pan: cacerola, cazuela (y no pan, que se dice bread)
parade: desfile (y no pared, que se dice wall)
to pare: pelar o cortar las uñas (y no parar, que se dice to stop)
parents: padres (y no parientes, que se dice relatives)
pendant: colgante de un collar (y no pendiente, que se dice earring)
petrol:
gasolina o nafta (y no petróleo, que se dice oil, petroleum)
pie: pastel (y no pie, que se dice foot)
place: lugar (y no plaza, que se dice square)
plate:
plato o lámina (y no plata, el metal, que se dice silver)
policy:
política (y no policía, que se dice police)
politic: diplomático, cortés o prudente (y no político, que se dice politician)
preservative: conservante (y no preservativo, que se dice condom)
prize: premio (y no precio, que se dice price)
to probe: investigar (y no probar, que se dice to prove, taste o try)
prospect: posibilidad, perspectiva o posible cliente (y no prospecto, que se dice leaflet o pamphlet)
quince: membrillo (y no quince, que se dice fifteen)
to quit:
abandonar, dejar (y no quitar, que se dice to remove o to put away)
quite: bastante, totalmente (y no quitar, que se dice to remove o to put away)
quote:
cita o presupuesto (y no cuota, que se dice fee, installment o payment)
to rape:
violar (y no rapar, que se dice to shave o to crop)
recollection:
recuerdo (y no recolección, que se dice harvest o collection)
red: rojo (y no red, que se dice net)
regular:
de tamaño normal (y no regular, que se dice bad, not so good)
relatives: parientes (y no relativos, que se dice relative (adjective))
rope: cuerda, soga (y no ropa, que se dice clothes)
rude: maleducado, descortés (y no rudo, que se dice rough)
to raze: arrasar (y no raza, que se dice race)
to realize:
darse cuenta (y no realizar, que se dice to make)
recipe: receta de cocina (y no recibo, que se dice receipt)
to record: grabar (y no recordar, que se dice to remember)
reluctantly: de mala gana (y no relucientemente o brillantemente, que se dice brilliantly)
to remove:
quitar, eliminar (y no remover, que se dice to stir)
resort:
centro turístico o recurso (y no resorte, que se dice spring)
to rest: descansar (y no restar, que se dice to subtract)
to resume:
reanudar, continuar o reasumir (y no resumir, que se dice to summarize o to sum up)
to reckon:
calcular, considerar o creer (y no reconocer, que se dice to recognize)
salad: ensalada (y no salado, que se dice salty)
sane:
cuerdo (y no sano, que se dice healthy)
scallop:
vieira (y no escalope, que se dice escalope)
sensible: sensato (y no sensible, que se dice sensitive)
sensitive: sensible (y no sensitivo, que se dice related to the senses)
signature: firma (y no asignatura, que se dice subject)
sin: pecado (y no sin, que se dice without)
soap: jabón (y no sopa, que se dice soup)
socket: enchufe o toma de corriente (y no soquete, que se dice ankle sock)
son: hijo (y no son, conjugación del verbo ser, que se dice are)
spade:
pala (y no espada, que se dice sword)
stationery: artículos de papelería (y no estacionario, que se dice stationary)
to stay: quedarse (y no estar, que se dice to be)
to stir: revolver un líquido (y no estirar, que se dice to stretch)
stranger: desconocido o forastero (y no extranjero, que se dice foreigner)
success: éxito (y no suceso, que se dice event)
to support: apoyar (y no soportar, que se dice to put up with)
sympathetic: comprensivo (y no simpático, que se dice nice, likeable)
sympathy: compasión, comprensión, pésame (y no simpatía, que se dice friendliness, affection)
target
: objetivo (y no tarjeta, que se dice card)
tax
: impuesto (y no taxi, que se dice taxi)
tea:
té (y no tía, que se dice aunt)
terrific: fenomenal, genial (y no terrorífico, que se dice terrifying)
to traduce:
calumniar (y no traducir, que se dice to translate)
trait: rasgo (y no trato, que se dice deal o treatment)
to translate: traducir (y no trasladarse, que se dice to move)
tramp: vagabundo (y no trampa, que se dice trap)
ultimate: final (y no último, que se dice last)
umpire:
árbitro (y no imperio, que se dice empire)
zealous: entusiasta (y no celoso, que se dice jealous)

21 de julio de 2010

The Function Of Phrases

A phrase may function as a verb, noun, an adverb, or an adjective.

Verb Phrases

A verb phrase consists of a verb, its direct and/or indirect objects, and any adverb, adverb phrases, or adverb clauses which happen to modify it.
The predicate of a clause or sentence is always a verb phrase:

Corinne is trying to decide whether she wants to go to medical school or to go to law school.
He did not have all the ingredients the recipe called for; therefore, he decided to make something else.
After she had learned to drive, Alice felt more independent.
We will meet at the library at 3:30 p.m.

Noun Phrases

A noun phrase consists of a pronoun or noun with any associated modifiers, including adjectives, adjective phrases, adjective clauses, and other nouns in the possessive case.

Like a noun, a noun phrase can act as a subject, as the object of a verb or verbal, as a subject or object complement, or as the object of a preposition, as in the following examples:

subject
Small children often insist that they can do it by themselves.
object of a verb
To read quickly and accurately is Eugene's goal.
object of a preposition
The arctic explorers were caught unawares by the spring breakup.
subject complement
Frankenstein is the name of the scientist not the monster.
object complement
I consider Loki my favorite cat.

Noun Phrases using Verbals

Since some verbals -- in particular, the gerund and the infinitive -- can act as nouns, these also can form the nucleus of a noun phrase:

Ice fishing is a popular winter pass-time.

However, since verbals are formed from verbs, they can also take direct objects and can be modified by adverbs.
A gerund phrase or infinitive phrase, then, is a noun phrase consisting of a verbal, its modifiers (both adjectives and adverbs), and its objects:

Running a marathon in the Summer is thirsty work.
I am planning to buy a house next month.

Adjective Phrases

An adjective phrase is any phrase which modifies a noun or pronoun.
You often construct adjective phrases using participles or prepositions together with their objects:

I was driven mad by the sound of my neighbour's constant piano practising.

In this sentence, the prepositional phrase "of my neighbour's constant piano practising" acts as an adjective modifying the noun "sound."

My father-in-law locked his keys in the trunk of a borrowed car.

Similarly in this sentence, the prepositional phrase "of a borrowed car" acts as an adjective modifying the noun "trunk."

We saw Peter dashing across the quadrangle.

Here the participle phrase "dashing across the quadrangle" acts as an adjective describing the proper noun "Peter."

We picked up the records broken in the scuffle.

In this sentence, the participle phrase "broken in the scuffle" modifies the noun phrase "the records."

Adverb Phrases

A prepositional phrase can also be an adverb phrase, functioning as an adverb, as in the following sentences.

She bought some spinach when she went to the corner store.

In this sentence, the prepositional phrase "to the corner store" acts as an adverb modifying the verb "went."

Lightning flashed brightly in the night sky.

In this sentence, the prepositional phrase "in the night sky" functions as a adverb modifying the verb "flashed."

In early October, Giselle planted twenty tulip bulbs; unfortunately, squirrels ate the bulbs and none bloomed.

In this sentence, the prepositional phrase "in early October" acts as an adverb modifying the entire sentence.

We will meet at the library at 3:30 P.M.

In this sentence, the prepositional phrase "at 3:30 P.M." acts as an adverb modifying the verb phrase "will meet."

The dogs were capering about the clown's feet.

In this sentence, the prepositional phrase "about the clown's feet" acts as an adverb modifying the verb phrase "were capering."



source:http://www.writingcentre.uottawa.ca/hypergrammar/phrfunc.html

TIPS FOR.... Basic English Structures. Parts of speech

Sentences are formed from words that belong to different categories depending on their function. The word "fire", for example, can be a noun or a verb depending on its usage.
Noun: "The fire burned the building." Verb: "Fire the gun."

ADJECTIVE - modifies a noun.

Examples: yellow, pretty, useful
Adjectives have three degrees: Positive, Comparative, and Superlative.
Example: old, older, oldest


ARTICLE - specifies whether the noun is specific or a member of a class. The definite article "the" refers to specific objects. The indefinite articles "a", and "an" refer to an unspecified member of a class. The article "a" is used before a word starting with a consonant sound and "an" is used before a word starting with a vowel sound.
Examples: a, an, the


ADVERB
- modifies a verb or an adjective. Many adverbs have the suffix -ly.
Examples: very, extremely, carefully


CONJUNCTION
- joins components of a sentence or phrase. Coordinating conjunctions join clauses which are equally important. A subordinating conjunction joins a dependent clause to a main clause. Some conjunctions occur in pairs, e.g., neither ... nor, either ... or
Examples: and, but, or

INTERJECTION
- is used for exclamations.
Examples: Oh!, Aha!


NOUN
- names an object or action. Common nouns refer to ordinary things. Proper nouns are usually capitalized and refer to persons, specific things or specific places.
Examples: mouse, fire, Michael


PREPOSITION
- indicates relationship or relative position of objects.
Examples: in, about, toward

PRONOUN - is used in place of a noun. Personal pronouns are used to refer to persons. Interrogative pronouns introduce questions. Demonstrative pronouns refer to a previously mentioned object or objects. Relative pronouns introduce clauses.
Examples: he, this


VERB
- specifies an action or links the subject to a complement. The tense of a verb indicates the time when the action happened, e.g., past, present, of future.
Examples: take, is, go, fire