Lectura 2
Ejercicio 1. Lea el siguiente texto y extraiga las palabras claves, diga si son de instrucciones, o de secuencia u ordenamiento del tiempo.

a) Project planning is part of project management, which relates to the use of schedules such as Gantt charts to plan and subsequently report progress within the project environment.
Initially, the project scope is defined and the appropriate methods for completing the project are determined. Following this step, the durations for the various tasks necessary to complete the work are listed and grouped into a work breakdown structure. The logical dependencies between tasks are defined using an activity network diagram that enables identification of the critical path. Float or slack time in the schedule can be calculated using project management software. Then the necessary resources can be estimated and costs for each activity can be allocated to each resource, giving the total project cost. At this stage, the project plan may be optimized to achieve the appropriate balance between resource usage and project duration to comply with the project objectives. Once established and agreed, the plan becomes what is known as the baseline. Progress will be measured against the baseline throughout the life of the project. Analyzing progress compared to the baseline is known as earned value management.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_planning, consultado el 30/06/2008

Marcadores de Tiempo:
subsequently
initially
following
then
at this stage
once

Tipo de texto:
Descriptivo de secuencia

Idea general del párrafo:
It´s about project planning as a part of project management. It describes the steps and the components of the project planning.


IMAGE FROM: http://www.novamind.com/planning/project-planning.php

UNIT IV. Exercise 3

Peter Drucker

Peter Ferdinand Drucker (November 19, 1909 – November 11, 2005) was a writer, management consultant, and self-described “social ecologist.” His books and scholarly and popular articles explored how humans are organized across the business, government and the nonprofit sectors of society. His writings have predicted many of the major developments of the late twentieth century, including privatization and decentralization; the rise of Japan to economic world power; the decisive importance of marketing; and the emergence of the information society with its necessity of lifelong learning. In 1959, Drucker coined the term “knowledge worker" and later in his life considered knowledge work productivity to be the next frontier of management.

Markers
November 19, 1909 – November 11, 2005
late
1959
later
next

IMAGE FROM: http://mariogastaldi.com/lang/it-it/2008/07/20/what-did-drucker-mean-when-he-wrote/

Ejercicio 2. Lea los siguientes textos y extraiga las definiciones y los marcadores del discurso.

a) Epistemology is a branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge. Much of the debate in this field has focused on analyzing the nature of knowledge and how it relates to similar notions such as truth, belief, and justification. It also deals with the means of production of knowledge, as well as skepticism about different knowledge claims. In other words, epistemology primarily addresses the following questions: "What is knowledge?", "How is knowledge acquired?", and "What do people know?”

Epistemology:
Epistemology is a branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge.

Markers:
is concerned with
such as
has focused on
deals with
in other words

b) Interpersonal communication is defined by communication scholars in numerous ways, though most definitions involve participants who are interdependent on one another, have a shared history. Communication channels are the medium chosen to convey the message from sender to receiver. Communication channels can be categorized into two main categories: Direct and Indirect channels of communication.

Interpersonal communication
Is the kind of communication where participants are interdependent on one another.

Markers
is defined
involve

Communication channels
Communication channels are the medium chosen to convey the message and are categorized in two categories direct and indirect channels.

Markers
are
be categorized

c) Neuro-linguistic programming (usually shortened to NLP) is an interpersonal communication model and an alternative approach to psychotherapy that was co-created by Richard Bandler and linguist John Grinder in the 1970s. It was based on the subjective study of language, communication and personal change, in particular, mainly through modeling three successful psychotherapists, Fritz Perls (gestalt therapy), Virginia Satir (family systems therapy), and eventually Milton H. Erickson (clinical hypnosis). Bandler and Grinder aimed to discover and model the successful patterns of behavior and communication distinguishing these exceptional individuals from their peers. Some consider NLP to still be a set of techniques or strategies for enhancing communication and personal influence rather than a model or theory.

Neuro-linguistic programming
Neuro-linguistic programming (usually shortened to NLP) is an interpersonal communication model and an alternative approach to psychotherapy based on the subjective study of language, communication and personal change. It also define as a set of techniques or strategies for enhancing communication and personal influence rather than a model or theory.

Markers
is
was based on
be

UNIT IV. EXERCISE 1

Ejercicio 1
Lea las siguientes definiciones y extraiga los marcadores del discurso.

a) Traditional leadership theory is narrowly concerned with top-down leadership in
large organizations.

b) Ethics refers to learning what is right or wrong, and then doing the right thing.

c) Coaching is partnering with clients in a thought-provoking and creative process that inspires them to maximize their personal and professional potential.

d) The word leadership can refer to: 1. The ability "to get people to follow voluntarily." 2. Those entities that perform one or more acts of leading. 3. The ability to affect human behavior so as to accomplish a mission designated by the
leader. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership, consultado el 30/06/2008

e) Education encompasses teaching and learning specific skills, and also something less tangible but more profound: the imparting of knowledge, positive judgment and well-developed wisdom. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education, consultado el 30/06/2008

f) Ontology is known as the branch of philosophy focusing upon the origins, essence and meaning of being.

A MOVIE REVIEW: SHREK FOREVER AFTER

Directed by Mike Mitchell and having the same successful cast as the others movies now you can see another Shrek, another chance to see your favorite animated characters and another chance to be reminded of the genius that was the first film, without this being the first film. The problem with this entire series is that it started with a bang, fell to a whimper, and with it’s grand finale is simply enough to make up for how much it’s lost without really ever wow-ing us. Shrek Forever After is a good movie, they were creative in finding a way to make the characters fresh again, and there were definitely enough laughs in it to leave me satisfied, BUT it wasn’t without a few problems.

The Synopsis:

As Shrek settles into his perfect life, he begins to get bored and wishes he could have just one day to himself. He makes a pact with deal-maker Rumpelstiltskin to get back to feeling like a real ogre again, but of course he forgets to read the fine print and is damned to a twisted version of Far Far Away — where Rumpelstiltskin is king, ogres are hunted, and he and Fiona have never met — he sets out to restore his world and get a kiss from his true love in order to set everything right again — oh what a kiss can do in Far Far Away!

The Good things:

Bit of a Comeback: This is definitely no where near as good as the first film, but it’s definitely a revival from the third and on a slight improvement from the second.
Donkey: Whichever main characters you liked in the first film, you’ll like in this film, mainly because they went back to the beginning, came up with a way to make it fresh and then capitalized on what you loved. For me The Donkey is still the saving grace and the minor characters are really where the belly laughs come in.
Kids/Adult Film: This is definitely a good kids/adult film, meaning that there were definitely a lot of opportunities for both parties to enjoy the film. I would bring my little brother, despite the little girl next to me who pointed to the screen and said “I don’t like that movie.”
Music: The music and the throw backs to famous songs is so important for this film and as always the music was well placed and well used to really make those laughs hit home.
Solid Ending: It’s as predictable and cheesy as it comes, but a nice twist on the original story and if there was ever a moment to go a little over the top, this was it.
Fun Cameos: As always, it’s the smaller characters that pop up in each film that make this series so fun. There were a lot of good cameos but…

The Bad things:

Not Enough in the Cameos: There were lots of different characters and cameos, but they were never fully utilized. Craig Robinson has about 3 lines, 3 good lines, but that’s all. Same goes for John Hamm and Jane Lynch. They were solid and fun, but just not as potent as say the gingerbread man in the first film.
No Surprises: Overall, the film is very predictable. Which might have worked for the ending, but you need some suspense in the middle to keep you going. The thing that the first film had going for it was that it was an original idea, with brand new animation and a something different for us to be blown away by. This film tried to revive itself by creating a new world and did so in part, but it was very predictable and may have been an improvement for the Shrek series, but doesn’t really compare to some of the other animations out there today.
3D: For me, the 3-D in this film felt like a gimmick. It was fun and well added but not needed. It felt like they were trying to make a little extra money on their last minute!