ACTIVITY 2

Here we are again!

This is the second activity we should do for classes, to identify noun phrases and verb phrases.

FALSE FRIENDS OR COGNATES

Se denominan false friends (falsos amigos) o cognates (cognados) a las palabras que por escribirse de la misma forma (o parecida) en español son confundidas, pero que en realidad en inglés significan otra cosa.

Por ejemplo, "conductor " en inglés no significa conductor, sino que se refiere al director de la orquesta o al cobrador que se encuentra en los autobuses. Aquí se encuentra una lista de los false friends o cognados más conocidos.

an abstract: resumen (y no abstracto)
to achieve: lograr (y no archivar, que se dice to file)
actual: real, efectivo (y no actual, que se dice current)
actually: en realidad (y no actualmente, que se dice nowadays, at present)
to advertise: anunciar (y no advertir, que se dice to warn)
advice: consejos (y no aviso, que se dice warning, notice)
ailment: enfermedad leve, achaque (y no alimento, que se dice food)
apparel: ropa, vestimenta (y no aparato, que se dice apparatus, machine)
application form: formulario de solicitud (y no formulario de aplicación)
to apologise: pedir disculpas (y no apología, que se dice defence)
apt: propenso (y no apto, que se dice qualified, able)
argument: discusión, pelea (y no argumento de un libro/una película, que se dice plot)
arena: estadio, plaza de toros (y no arena, que se dice sand)
arm: brazo (y no arma, que se dice gun)
army: ejército (y no armada, que se dice navy)
aspersion: calumnia (y no aspersión, que se dice sprinkling)
assessment: evaluación (y no asesoría, que se dice consultancy)
assessor: evaluador, tasador (y no asesor, que se dice advisor o consultant)
to assist: ayudar (y no asistir a un lugar, que se dice to attend)
to attain: lograr, conseguir (y no atar, que se dice to tie)
attempt: intento (y no atentado, que se dice terrorist attack)
attendance: asistencia (y no atención, que se dice attention)
avocado: aguacate (y no abogado, que se dice lawyer)
balloon: globo (y no balón, que se dice ball)
bank: banco - la institución (y no banco de plaza, que se dice bench)
bark: ladrar o ladrido (y no barco, que se dice boat o ship)
beef: carne vacuna (y no bife, que se dice steak)
billet: acuartelamiento, alojamiento militar (y no billete, que se dice ticket o note)
billion: mil millones (y no billón, que se dice trillion)
body: cuerpo (y no boda, que se dice wedding)
bomber: avión bombardero o persona que coloca bombas (y no bombero, que se dice fireman o firefighter)
brave: valiente (y no bravo, que se dice fierce)
camp: base militar o campamento (y no campo en general, que se dice field)
can: lata o el verbo poder (y no cana, que se dice white hair)
cap: gorra (y no capa, que se dice layer)
career: carrera profesional, ocupación luego del estudio (y no carrera referida al curso universitario, que se dice degree)
carpet: alfombra (y no carpeta, que se dice folder)
cartoon: dibujos animados, tira cómica (y no cartón, que se dice cardboard)
casual: fortuito, ocasional, informal, superficial (y no casual, que se dice accidental, chance)
casualty: víctima o herido (y no casualidad, que se dice coincidence)
cave: cueva (y no cavar, que se dice to dig)
cellular: celular, relativo a la célula (y no teléfono celular, que se dice mobile telephone)
chafed: rozado (y no chafado, que se dice crushed o flattened)
collar: cuello de las prendas de vestir (y no collar, que se dice necklace)
to collapse: hundirse, derrumbarse (y no colapsar, que se dice to bring to a standstill)
college: facultad, colegio universitario (y no colegio, que se dice school)
coloured: de color (y no colorado, que se dice red)
command: orden, mandato (y no comando, que se dice commando unit)
commodity: mercancía o materia prima (y no comodidad, que se dice comfort)
to complain: quejarse (y no complacer, que se dice to please)
complexion: tez, tono de la piel (y no complexión, que se dice body type)
to compromise: ceder, transigir, poner en peligro (y no compromiso, que se dice commitment, engagement o agreement)
conductor: director de orquesta o cobrador (y no conductor, que se dice driver)
confident: seguro de sí mismo (y no confidente, que se dice confidant)
(to be) constipated: sufrir de estreñimiento (y no estar constipado, que se dice to have a cold/chill)
contest: concurso (y no contestar, que se dice to answer)
to convene: convocar, reunir (y no convenir, que se dice to agree, to be advisable)
council: consejo (y no conciliar, que se dice to reconcile)
crane: grúa (y no cráneo, que se dice skull)
curse: maldición (y no curso, que se dice course)
date: fecha (y no dato, que se dice a piece of information o data)
deception: engaño (y no decepción, que se dice disappointment)
to deliver: entregar (y no deliberar, que se dice to deliberate)
deprivation: privación, pérdida (y no depravación, que se dice depravity)
derogatory: despectivo (la palabra despective no existe en inglés)
desperate: desesperado (y no despertar, que se dice to wake up)
dessert: postre (y no desierto, que se dice desert)
dinner: cena (y no dinero, que se dice money)
discrete: diferenciado (y no discreto, que se dice discreet)
disgust: asco, repugnancia (y no disgusto, que se dice annoyance, quarrel, trouble o to be upset)
disparate: dispar (y no disparate, que se dice nonsense o foolish act)
diversion: desviación (y no diversión, alegría, que se dice fun)
to doze: dormitar (y no doce, que se dice twelve)
dramatic: drástico, espectacular
economics: economía (y no económicos, que se dice cheap)
embarrassed: avergonzado/a (y no embarazada, que se dice pregnant)
estate: propiedad, bien inmueble, patrimonio (y no estado, que se dice state)
eventual: definitivo o posible (y no eventual, que se dice casual, incidental)
eventually: finalmente, tarde o temprano (y no eventualmente que se dice by chance, possibly)
exit: salida (y no éxito, que se dice success)
fabric: tela (y no fábrica, que se dice factory)
familiar: conocido, familiar (adjetivo) (y no pariente, familiar (sustantivo), que se dice relative)
fin: aleta (y no fin, que se dice end)
form: formulario (y no forma, que se dice shape)
fray: riña, irritarse o deshilacharse (y no fraile, que se dice friar)
fume: vapor o gas (y no fumar, que se dice smoke)
gang: pandilla (y no ganga, que se dice bargain)
Geneva: Ginebra (y no Génova, que se dice Genoa)
gentle: moderado, suave (y no gentil, que se dice gentile, kind)
to grab: agarrar, asir (y no grabar, que se dice to record)
gracious: cortés (y no gracioso, que se dice funny)
grocery: tienda de comestibles (y no grosería, que se dice rudeness o rude word/expression)
hardly: apenas, difícilmente (y no duramente, que se dice strongly)
by heart: de memoria (y no de corazón, que se dice from one's heart)
horn: cuerno (y no horno, que se dice oven)
idiom: modismo, locución (y no idioma, que se dice language)
influenza: gripe (y no influencia, que se dice influence)
ingenuity: ingenio (y no ingenuidad, que se dice naivety)
inhabitant: habitante (y no inhabitado, que se dice uninhabited)
injury: herida (y no injuria, que se dice insult)
installment: cuota, plazo o entrega (y no instalación, que se dice installation)
to intend: tener la intención de (y no intentar, que se dice to try)
intoxicated: ebrio (y no intoxicado, que se dice with food poisoning)
involve: involucrar (y no envolver, que se dice wrap)
jam: mermelada (y no jamón, que se dice ham)
lame: cojo, rengo (y no lamer, que se dice to lick)
large: grande (y no largo, que se dice long)
lecture: conferencia (y no lectura, que se dice reading)
lentil: lenteja (y no lentilla, que se dice contact lens)
letter: letra del abecedario o carta (y no letra de una canción, que se dice lyrics)
library: biblioteca (y no librería, que se dice bookshop)
lobe: lóbulo (y no lobo, que se dice wolf)
luxury: lujo (y no lujuria, que se dice lust)
macaroon: galleta con almendras o coco (y no macarrón, que se dice a piece of macaroni)
man: hombre (y no mano, que se dice hand)
mascot: persona, animal u objeto que da buena suerte (y no mascota como animal doméstico, que se dice pet)
mayor: alcalde (y no mayor, que se dice bigger)
media: medios (y no media, que se dice sock)
misery: tristeza (y no miseria, que se dice poverty)
mocha: café moca (y no mocha/o, desafilada/o, que se dice blunt)
to molest: abusar sexualmente (y no molestar, que se dice to bother o to annoy)
notice: nota, anuncio (y no noticia, que se dice a piece of news)
occurrence: aparición (y no ocurrencia, que se dice absurd idea)
office: oficina (y no oficio, que se dice trade o job)
once: una vez (y no once, que se dice eleven)
oration: discurso ceremonial (y no oración, que se dice sentence o prayer)
ordinary: común (y no ordinario, que se dice vulgar)
pan: cacerola, cazuela (y no pan, que se dice bread)
parade: desfile (y no pared, que se dice wall)
to pare: pelar o cortar las uñas (y no parar, que se dice to stop)
parents: padres (y no parientes, que se dice relatives)
pendant: colgante de un collar (y no pendiente, que se dice earring)
petrol: gasolina o nafta (y no petróleo, que se dice oil, petroleum)
pie: pastel (y no pie, que se dice foot)
place: lugar (y no plaza, que se dice square)
plate: plato o lámina (y no plata, el metal, que se dice silver)
policy: política (y no policía, que se dice police)
politic: diplomático, cortés o prudente (y no político, que se dice politician)
preservative: conservante (y no preservativo, que se dice condom)
prize: premio (y no precio, que se dice price)
to probe: investigar (y no probar, que se dice to prove, taste o try)
prospect: posibilidad, perspectiva o posible cliente (y no prospecto, que se dice leaflet o pamphlet)
quince: membrillo (y no quince, que se dice fifteen)
to quit: abandonar, dejar (y no quitar, que se dice to remove o to put away)
quite: bastante, totalmente (y no quitar, que se dice to remove o to put away)
quote: cita o presupuesto (y no cuota, que se dice fee, installment o payment)
to rape: violar (y no rapar, que se dice to shave o to crop)
recollection: recuerdo (y no recolección, que se dice harvest o collection)
red: rojo (y no red, que se dice net)
regular: de tamaño normal (y no regular, que se dice bad, not so good)
relatives: parientes (y no relativos, que se dice relative (adjective))
rope: cuerda, soga (y no ropa, que se dice clothes)
rude: maleducado, descortés (y no rudo, que se dice rough)
to raze: arrasar (y no raza, que se dice race)
to realize: darse cuenta (y no realizar, que se dice to make)
recipe: receta de cocina (y no recibo, que se dice receipt)
to record: grabar (y no recordar, que se dice to remember)
reluctantly: de mala gana (y no relucientemente o brillantemente, que se dice brilliantly)
to remove: quitar, eliminar (y no remover, que se dice to stir)
resort: centro turístico o recurso (y no resorte, que se dice spring)
to rest: descansar (y no restar, que se dice to subtract)
to resume: reanudar, continuar o reasumir (y no resumir, que se dice to summarize o to sum up)
to reckon: calcular, considerar o creer (y no reconocer, que se dice to recognize)
salad: ensalada (y no salado, que se dice salty)
sane: cuerdo (y no sano, que se dice healthy)
scallop: vieira (y no escalope, que se dice escalope)
sensible: sensato (y no sensible, que se dice sensitive)
sensitive: sensible (y no sensitivo, que se dice related to the senses)
signature: firma (y no asignatura, que se dice subject)
sin: pecado (y no sin, que se dice without)
soap: jabón (y no sopa, que se dice soup)
socket: enchufe o toma de corriente (y no soquete, que se dice ankle sock)
son: hijo (y no son, conjugación del verbo ser, que se dice are)
spade: pala (y no espada, que se dice sword)
stationery: artículos de papelería (y no estacionario, que se dice stationary)
to stay: quedarse (y no estar, que se dice to be)
to stir: revolver un líquido (y no estirar, que se dice to stretch)
stranger: desconocido o forastero (y no extranjero, que se dice foreigner)
success: éxito (y no suceso, que se dice event)
to support: apoyar (y no soportar, que se dice to put up with)
sympathetic: comprensivo (y no simpático, que se dice nice, likeable)
sympathy: compasión, comprensión, pésame (y no simpatía, que se dice friendliness, affection)
target: objetivo (y no tarjeta, que se dice card)
tax: impuesto (y no taxi, que se dice taxi)
tea: té (y no tía, que se dice aunt)
terrific: fenomenal, genial (y no terrorífico, que se dice terrifying)
to traduce: calumniar (y no traducir, que se dice to translate)
trait: rasgo (y no trato, que se dice deal o treatment)
to translate: traducir (y no trasladarse, que se dice to move)
tramp: vagabundo (y no trampa, que se dice trap)
ultimate: final (y no último, que se dice last)
umpire: árbitro (y no imperio, que se dice empire)
zealous: entusiasta (y no celoso, que se dice jealous)

The Function Of Phrases

A phrase may function as a verb, noun, an adverb, or an adjective.

Verb Phrases
A verb phrase consists of a verb, its direct and/or indirect objects, and any adverb, adverb phrases, or adverb clauses which happen to modify it.
The predicate of a clause or sentence is always a verb phrase:

Corinne is trying to decide whether she wants to go to medical school or to go to law school.
He did not have all the ingredients the recipe called for; therefore, he decided to make something else.
After she had learned to drive, Alice felt more independent.
We will meet at the library at 3:30 p.m.

Noun Phrases
A noun phrase consists of a pronoun or noun with any associated modifiers, including adjectives, adjective phrases, adjective clauses, and other nouns in the possessive case.

Like a noun, a noun phrase can act as a subject, as the object of a verb or verbal, as a subject or object complement, or as the object of a preposition, as in the following examples:

subject
Small children often insist that they can do it by themselves.
object of a verb
To read quickly and accurately is Eugene's goal.
object of a preposition
The arctic explorers were caught unawares by the spring breakup.
subject complement
Frankenstein is the name of the scientist not the monster.
object complement
I consider Loki my favorite cat.

Noun Phrases using Verbals
Since some verbals -- in particular, the gerund and the infinitive -- can act as nouns, these also can form the nucleus of a noun phrase:

Ice fishing is a popular winter pass-time.

However, since verbals are formed from verbs, they can also take direct objects and can be modified by adverbs.
A gerund phrase or infinitive phrase, then, is a noun phrase consisting of a verbal, its modifiers (both adjectives and adverbs), and its objects:

Running a marathon in the Summer is thirsty work.
I am planning to buy a house next month.

Adjective Phrases
An adjective phrase is any phrase which modifies a noun or pronoun.
You often construct adjective phrases using participles or prepositions together with their objects:

I was driven mad by the sound of my neighbour's constant piano practising.

In this sentence, the prepositional phrase "of my neighbour's constant piano practising" acts as an adjective modifying the noun "sound."

My father-in-law locked his keys in the trunk of a borrowed car.

Similarly in this sentence, the prepositional phrase "of a borrowed car" acts as an adjective modifying the noun "trunk."

We saw Peter dashing across the quadrangle.

Here the participle phrase "dashing across the quadrangle" acts as an adjective describing the proper noun "Peter."

We picked up the records broken in the scuffle.

In this sentence, the participle phrase "broken in the scuffle" modifies the noun phrase "the records."

Adverb Phrases
A prepositional phrase can also be an adverb phrase, functioning as an adverb, as in the following sentences.

She bought some spinach when she went to the corner store.

In this sentence, the prepositional phrase "to the corner store" acts as an adverb modifying the verb "went."

Lightning flashed brightly in the night sky.

In this sentence, the prepositional phrase "in the night sky" functions as a adverb modifying the verb "flashed."

In early October, Giselle planted twenty tulip bulbs; unfortunately, squirrels ate the bulbs and none bloomed.

In this sentence, the prepositional phrase "in early October" acts as an adverb modifying the entire sentence.

We will meet at the library at 3:30 P.M.

In this sentence, the prepositional phrase "at 3:30 P.M." acts as an adverb modifying the verb phrase "will meet."

The dogs were capering about the clown's feet.

In this sentence, the prepositional phrase "about the clown's feet" acts as an adverb modifying the verb phrase "were capering."

source:http://www.writingcentre.uottawa.ca/hypergrammar/phrfunc.html

TIPS FOR.... Basic English Structures. Parts of speech

Sentences are formed from words that belong to different categories depending on their function. The word "fire", for example, can be a noun or a verb depending on its usage.

Noun: "The fire burned the building." Verb: "Fire the gun."

ADJECTIVE - modifies a noun.
Examples: yellow, pretty, useful
Adjectives have three degrees: Positive, Comparative, and Superlative.
Example: old, older, oldest

ARTICLE - specifies whether the noun is specific or a member of a class. The definite article "the" refers to specific objects. The indefinite articles "a", and "an" refer to an unspecified member of a class. The article "a" is used before a word starting with a consonant sound and "an" is used before a word starting with a vowel sound.
Examples: a, an, the

ADVERB - modifies a verb or an adjective. Many adverbs have the suffix -ly.
Examples: very, extremely, carefully

CONJUNCTION - joins components of a sentence or phrase. Coordinating conjunctions join clauses which are equally important. A subordinating conjunction joins a dependent clause to a main clause. Some conjunctions occur in pairs, e.g., neither ... nor, either ... or
Examples: and, but, or

INTERJECTION - is used for exclamations.
Examples: Oh!, Aha!

NOUN - names an object or action. Common nouns refer to ordinary things. Proper nouns are usually capitalized and refer to persons, specific things or specific places.
Examples: mouse, fire, Michael

PREPOSITION - indicates relationship or relative position of objects.
Examples: in, about, toward

PRONOUN - is used in place of a noun. Personal pronouns are used to refer to persons. Interrogative pronouns introduce questions. Demonstrative pronouns refer to a previously mentioned object or objects. Relative pronouns introduce clauses.
Examples: he, this

VERB - specifies an action or links the subject to a complement. The tense of a verb indicates the time when the action happened, e.g., past, present, of future.
Examples: take, is, go, fire