Lectura 2
Ejercicio 1. Lea el siguiente texto y extraiga las palabras claves, diga si son de instrucciones, o de secuencia u ordenamiento del tiempo.

a) Project planning is part of project management, which relates to the use of schedules such as Gantt charts to plan and subsequently report progress within the project environment.
Initially, the project scope is defined and the appropriate methods for completing the project are determined. Following this step, the durations for the various tasks necessary to complete the work are listed and grouped into a work breakdown structure. The logical dependencies between tasks are defined using an activity network diagram that enables identification of the critical path. Float or slack time in the schedule can be calculated using project management software. Then the necessary resources can be estimated and costs for each activity can be allocated to each resource, giving the total project cost. At this stage, the project plan may be optimized to achieve the appropriate balance between resource usage and project duration to comply with the project objectives. Once established and agreed, the plan becomes what is known as the baseline. Progress will be measured against the baseline throughout the life of the project. Analyzing progress compared to the baseline is known as earned value management.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_planning, consultado el 30/06/2008

Marcadores de Tiempo:
subsequently
initially
following
then
at this stage
once

Tipo de texto:
Descriptivo de secuencia

Idea general del párrafo:
It´s about project planning as a part of project management. It describes the steps and the components of the project planning.


IMAGE FROM: http://www.novamind.com/planning/project-planning.php

UNIT IV. Exercise 3

Peter Drucker

Peter Ferdinand Drucker (November 19, 1909 – November 11, 2005) was a writer, management consultant, and self-described “social ecologist.” His books and scholarly and popular articles explored how humans are organized across the business, government and the nonprofit sectors of society. His writings have predicted many of the major developments of the late twentieth century, including privatization and decentralization; the rise of Japan to economic world power; the decisive importance of marketing; and the emergence of the information society with its necessity of lifelong learning. In 1959, Drucker coined the term “knowledge worker" and later in his life considered knowledge work productivity to be the next frontier of management.

Markers
November 19, 1909 – November 11, 2005
late
1959
later
next

IMAGE FROM: http://mariogastaldi.com/lang/it-it/2008/07/20/what-did-drucker-mean-when-he-wrote/

Ejercicio 2. Lea los siguientes textos y extraiga las definiciones y los marcadores del discurso.

a) Epistemology is a branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge. Much of the debate in this field has focused on analyzing the nature of knowledge and how it relates to similar notions such as truth, belief, and justification. It also deals with the means of production of knowledge, as well as skepticism about different knowledge claims. In other words, epistemology primarily addresses the following questions: "What is knowledge?", "How is knowledge acquired?", and "What do people know?”

Epistemology:
Epistemology is a branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge.

Markers:
is concerned with
such as
has focused on
deals with
in other words

b) Interpersonal communication is defined by communication scholars in numerous ways, though most definitions involve participants who are interdependent on one another, have a shared history. Communication channels are the medium chosen to convey the message from sender to receiver. Communication channels can be categorized into two main categories: Direct and Indirect channels of communication.

Interpersonal communication
Is the kind of communication where participants are interdependent on one another.

Markers
is defined
involve

Communication channels
Communication channels are the medium chosen to convey the message and are categorized in two categories direct and indirect channels.

Markers
are
be categorized

c) Neuro-linguistic programming (usually shortened to NLP) is an interpersonal communication model and an alternative approach to psychotherapy that was co-created by Richard Bandler and linguist John Grinder in the 1970s. It was based on the subjective study of language, communication and personal change, in particular, mainly through modeling three successful psychotherapists, Fritz Perls (gestalt therapy), Virginia Satir (family systems therapy), and eventually Milton H. Erickson (clinical hypnosis). Bandler and Grinder aimed to discover and model the successful patterns of behavior and communication distinguishing these exceptional individuals from their peers. Some consider NLP to still be a set of techniques or strategies for enhancing communication and personal influence rather than a model or theory.

Neuro-linguistic programming
Neuro-linguistic programming (usually shortened to NLP) is an interpersonal communication model and an alternative approach to psychotherapy based on the subjective study of language, communication and personal change. It also define as a set of techniques or strategies for enhancing communication and personal influence rather than a model or theory.

Markers
is
was based on
be

UNIT IV. EXERCISE 1

Ejercicio 1
Lea las siguientes definiciones y extraiga los marcadores del discurso.

a) Traditional leadership theory is narrowly concerned with top-down leadership in
large organizations.

b) Ethics refers to learning what is right or wrong, and then doing the right thing.

c) Coaching is partnering with clients in a thought-provoking and creative process that inspires them to maximize their personal and professional potential.

d) The word leadership can refer to: 1. The ability "to get people to follow voluntarily." 2. Those entities that perform one or more acts of leading. 3. The ability to affect human behavior so as to accomplish a mission designated by the
leader. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership, consultado el 30/06/2008

e) Education encompasses teaching and learning specific skills, and also something less tangible but more profound: the imparting of knowledge, positive judgment and well-developed wisdom. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education, consultado el 30/06/2008

f) Ontology is known as the branch of philosophy focusing upon the origins, essence and meaning of being.